1	Two Pass Verification Making Electronic Voting Work in a Less Secure Digital Age
2	Introduction Help America Vote Act of 2002 Allow voter to verify vote prior to casting ballot Allow voter to change vote choices prior to casting ballot Audit Capabilities Disability Accessibility Language Accessibility Minimize the Error Rate Implement Electronic Voting Systems Implement by Jan 1^st 2006
3	Electronic Voting Systems Direct Record Electronic Voting Equipment (DRE) Touch Screen Technology Optical Scan Technology Systems
4	DRE Technology Systems Pro Eliminates Overvotes Verifies Undervotes Speed of count Language Accessible Capacity Disability Accessible Capacity Con Database Technology susceptible to fraud Stored Procedures External influence Source code difficult to verify Ease of data manipulation Hidden code
5	Optical Scan Technology Systems Pro Paper trail Verifies Undervotes Speed of count Con Smart card voting token as fraud target Possible infrared fraud Database technology susceptible to fraud Stored procedures External influence Source code difficult to verify Ease of data manipulation Hidden code
6	Single Pass Voting (Current) Voter casts ballot utilizing a DRE or Optical Scan. The secret proprietary software on the electronic voting device is the only place where voter validation, final count, and tabulation transmission occurs. If paper trail does not exist, you do not have a voting machine, rather it is a:
7	Two Pass Verification (2PV): Overview Voter casts ballot at a DRE. The DRE validates ballot and produces an optical card ballot. After re-reviewing ballot via Optic Scan with a touch screen, Voter verifies cast (YES/NO). Optical card ballot is then stored for post-election audit needs.
8	2PV: Setup
9	2PV: DRE System Usage does not differ from current DRE usage, which includes the first validation prior to the casting the vote. After the ballot is cast, the DRE prints an optical card ballot.
10	2PV: Optical Scan System Voter brings the optical card ballot printed from DRE to this system. When inserted into the Optical Scan System, the Voter performs a second verification by reviewing the ballot choices on the screen and validating with a single “Yes” or “No”.
11	2PV: Optical Card Storage After 2^nd verification, local the election official collects and stores the printed optical card ballot for post-election audit purposes.
12	Functional Requirements No connection, wired or wireless, must exist between the DRE and Optical Scan systems or to any other system. The DRE and Optical Scan vote count must match when the polls are closed and must be verified by the election judges prior to modem connectivity at end of evening. Modem is connected only after the polls are closed and initial DRE and Optical Scan counts have been taken.
13	Legislate the paper trail! Standardize the optical scan card so that any DRE manufacturer can produce the scan card and any Optical Scan manufacturer can read it. Include a date-time stamp on card to prevent ballot stuffing. Include an encrypted checksum on the card to prevent post-vote changes to optical card. This insures a verifiable recount.
14	Summary Any electronic voting machine without a paper trail is a Cheating Machine. Any electronic voting system that works on a single pass basis creates an “unverified vote” unless a recount is performed on the paper trail. 2PV (Two Pass Verification) dramatically reduces the possibility of programmatic vote fraud into the new electronic voting landscape.
15	Final Thought American democracy is founded on and upheld by the premise of One Person – One Vote. When we cannot trust our voting system, we cannot trust our democracy.